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Chapter 9: Statics and Torque

21 problems · 15 figures

9-1 §9.2 source ↗

(a) When opening a door, you push on it perpendicularly with a force of 55.0 N at a distance of 0.850m from the hinges. What torque are you exerting relative to the hinges? (b) Does it matter if you push at the same height as the hinges?

Answer

a) 46.8 N·m

b) It does not matter at what height you push. The torque depends on only the magnitude of the force applied and the perpendicular distance of the force’s application from the hinges. (Children don’t have a tougher time opening a door because they push lower than adults, they have a tougher time because they don’t push far enough from the hinges.)

9-3 §9.2 source ↗

Two children push on opposite sides of a door during play. Both push horizontally and perpendicular to the door. One child pushes with a force of 17.5 N at a distance of 0.600 m from the hinges, and the second child pushes at a distance of 0.450 m. What force must the second child exert to keep the door from moving? Assume friction is negligible.

Answer

23.3 N

9-5 §9.2 source ↗

Repeat the seesaw problem in Example 9.1 with the center of mass of the seesaw 0.160 m to the left of the pivot (on the side of the lighter child) and assuming a mass of 12.0 kg for the seesaw. The other data given in the example remain unchanged. Explicitly show how you follow the steps in the Problem-Solving Strategy for static equilibrium.

Answer

Given:

m1 = 26.0 kg, m2= 32.0 kg, ms= 12.0 kg, r1 = 1.60 m, rs= 0.160 m, find (a) r2, (b) Fp

a) Since children are balancing:

net τ cw = – net τ ccw ⇒ w 1 r 1 + m s gr s = w 2 r 2

So, solving for r2 gives:

r2 = w1r1+msgrs w2 = m1 gr1 + ms grs m2 g = m1r1+msrs m2 = (26.0 kg) (1.60 m) + (12.0 kg) (0.160 m) 32.0 kg = 1.36 m

b) Since the children are not moving:

net F = 0 = F p – w 1 – w 2 – w s ⇒ F p = w 1 + w 2 + w s

So that

Fp = ( 26.0 kg+ 32.0 kg+ 12.0 kg ) ( 9.80 m/ s2 ) = 686 N

9-6 §9.3 source ↗

Suppose a horse leans against a wall as in Figure 9.29, emulating a scene in the comedy movie Cat Ballou. Calculate the force exerted on the wall assuming that force is horizontal while using the data in the schematic representation of the situation. Note that the force exerted on the wall is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force exerted on the horse, keeping it in equilibrium. The total mass of the horse and rider is 500 kg. Take the data to be accurate to three digits.
Figure 9.29 in the book ↗

Answer

F wall = 1.43× 10 3 N

9-8 §9.3 source ↗

(a) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the force on each foot of the horse in Figure 9.29 (two are on the ground), assuming the center of mass of the horse is midway between the feet. The total mass of the horse and rider is 500kg. (b) What is the minimum coefficient of friction between the hooves and ground? Note that the force exerted by the wall is horizontal.
Figure 9.29 in the book ↗

Answer

a) 2.55×103 N, 16.3º to the left of vertical (i.e., toward the wall)

b) 0.292

9-10 §9.3 source ↗

A 17.0-m-high and 11.0-m-long wall under construction and its bracing are shown in Figure 9.30. The wall is in stable equilibrium without the bracing but can pivot at its base. Calculate the force exerted by each of the 10 braces if a strong wind exerts a horizontal force of 650 N on each square meter of the wall. Assume that the net force from the wind acts at a height halfway up the wall and that all braces exert equal forces parallel to their lengths. Neglect the thickness of the wall.
Figure 9.30 in the book ↗

Answer

F B = 2.12× 10 4 N

9-12 §9.3 source ↗

Suppose the weight of the drawbridge in Figure 9.32 is supported entirely by its hinges and the opposite shore, so that its cables are slack. The mass of the bridge is 2500 kg. (a) What fraction of the weight is supported by the opposite shore if the point of support is directly beneath the cable attachments? (b) What is the direction and magnitude of the force the hinges exert on the bridge under these circumstances?
Figure 9.32 in the book ↗
A small drawbridge, showing the forces on the hinges (F), its weight (w), and the tension in its wires (T).

Answer

a) 0.167, or about one-sixth of the weight is supported by the opposite shore.

b) F=2.0×104N, straight up.

9-14 §9.3 source ↗

A sandwich board advertising sign is constructed as shown in Figure 9.33. The sign’s mass is 8.00 kg. (a) Calculate the tension in the chain assuming no friction between the legs and the sidewalk. (b) What force is exerted by each side on the hinge?
Figure 9.33 in the book ↗
A sandwich board advertising sign demonstrates tension.

Answer

a) 21.6 N

b) 21.6 N

9-16 §9.3 source ↗

An athlete is attempting to perform splits. From the information given in Figure 9.34, calculate the magnitude and direction of the force exerted on each foot by the floor.
Figure 9.34 in the book ↗
An athlete performs full split. The center of gravity and the various distances from it are shown.

Answer

350 N directly upwards

9-19 §9.5 source ↗

What is the mechanical advantage of a nail puller—similar to the one shown in Figure 9.21 —where you exert a force 45 cm from the pivot and the nail is 1.8 cm on the other side? What minimum force must you exert to apply a force of 1250 N to the nail?
Figure 9.21 in the book ↗
A nail puller is a lever with a large mechanical advantage. The external forces on the nail puller are represented by solid arrows. The force that the nail puller applies to the nail (Fo) is not a force on the nail puller. The reaction force the nail exerts back on the puller (Fn) is an external force and is equal and opposite to Fo. The perpendicular lever arms of the input and output forces are li and lo.

Answer

25

50 N

9-21 §9.5 source ↗

a) What is the mechanical advantage of a wheelbarrow, such as the one in Figure 9.22, if the center of gravity of the wheelbarrow and its load has a perpendicular lever arm of 5.50 cm, while the hands have a perpendicular lever arm of 1.02 m? (b) What upward force should you exert to support the wheelbarrow and its load if their combined mass is 55.0 kg? (c) What force does the wheel exert on the ground?
Figure 9.22 in the book ↗
(a) In the case of the wheelbarrow, the output force or load is between the pivot and the input force. The pivot is the wheel’s axle. Here, the output force is greater than the input force. Thus, a wheelbarrow enables you to lift much heavier loads than you could with your body alone. (b) In the case of the shovel, the input force is between the pivot and the load, but the input lever arm is shorter than the output lever arm. The pivot is at the handle held by the right hand. Here, the output force (supporting the shovel’s load) is less than the input force (from the hand nearest the load), because the input is exerted closer to the pivot than is the output.

Answer

a) MA=18.5

b) Fi=29.1 N

c) 510 N downward

9-23 §9.5 source ↗

What force does the nail puller in Exercise 9.19 exert on the supporting surface? The nail puller has a mass of 2.10 kg.

Answer

1 . 3 × 10 3 N

9-25 §9.5 source ↗

Repeat Exercise 9.24 for the pulley shown in Figure 9.24(c), assuming you pull straight up on the rope. The pulley system’s mass is 7.00 kg.
Figure 9.24 in the book ↗
(a) The combination of pulleys is used to multiply force. The force is an integral multiple of tension if the pulleys are frictionless. This pulley system has two cables attached to its load, thus applying a force of approximately 2T . This machine has MA≈2. (b) Three pulleys are used to lift a load in such a way that the mechanical advantage is about 3. Effectively, there are three cables attached to the load. (c) This pulley system applies a force of 4T , so that it has MA≈4. Effectively, four cables are pulling on the system of interest.

Answer

a) T=299 N

b) 897 N upward

9-26 §9.6 source ↗

Verify that the force in the elbow joint in Example 9.4 is 407 N, as stated in the text.
Example 9.4 Muscles Exert Bigger Forces Than You Might Think in the book ↗

Answer

F B = 470 N; r 1 = 4.00 cm; w a = 2.50 kg; r 2 = 16.0 cm; w b = 4.00 kg; r 3 = 38.0 cm F E = w a r 2 r 1 − 1 + w b r 3 r 1 − 1 = 2.50 kg 9.80 m / s 2 16.0 cm 4.0 cm – 1 + 4.00 kg 9.80 m / s 2 38.0 cm 4.00 cm – 1 = 407 N

9-28 §9.6 source ↗

The upper leg muscle (quadriceps) exerts a force of 1250 N, which is carried by a tendon over the kneecap (the patella) at the angles shown in Figure 9.36. Find the direction and magnitude of the force exerted by the kneecap on the upper leg bone (the femur).
Figure 9.36 in the book ↗
The knee joint works like a hinge to bend and straighten the lower leg. It permits a person to sit, stand, and pivot.

Answer

1.1 × 10 3 N θ = 190 º ccw from positive x axis

9-30 §9.6 source ↗

A person working at a drafting board may hold her head as shown in Figure 9.38, requiring muscle action to support the head. The three major acting forces are shown. Calculate the direction and magnitude of the force supplied by the upper vertebrae FV to hold the head stationary, assuming that this force acts along a line through the center of mass as do the weight and muscle force.
Figure 9.38 in the book ↗

Answer

F V = 97 N, θ = 59º

9-32 §9.6 source ↗

Even when the head is held erect, as in Figure 9.39, its center of mass is not directly over the principal point of support (the atlanto-occipital joint). The muscles at the back of the neck should therefore exert a force to keep the head erect. That is why your head falls forward when you fall asleep in the class. (a) Calculate the force exerted by these muscles using the information in the figure. (b) What is the force exerted by the pivot on the head?
Figure 9.39 in the book ↗
The center of mass of the head lies in front of its major point of support, requiring muscle action to hold the head erect. A simplified lever system is shown.

Answer

(a) 25 N downward

(b) 75 N upward

9-33 §9.6 source ↗

A 75-kg man stands on his toes by exerting an upward force through the Achilles tendon, as in Figure 9.40. (a) What is the force in the Achilles tendon if he stands on one foot? (b) Calculate the force at the pivot of the simplified lever system shown—that force is representative of forces in the ankle joint.
Figure 9.40 in the book ↗
The muscles in the back of the leg pull the Achilles tendon when one stands on one’s toes. A simplified lever system is shown.

Answer

(a) FA= 2.21×103N upward

(b) FB= 2.94×103N downward

9-35 §9.6 source ↗

Unlike most of the other muscles in our bodies, the masseter muscle in the jaw, as illustrated in Figure 9.42, is attached relatively far from the joint, enabling large forces to be exerted by the back teeth. (a) Using the information in the figure, calculate the force exerted by the lower teeth on the bullet. (b) Calculate the force on the joint.
Figure 9.42 in the book ↗
A person clenching a bullet between his teeth.

Answer

(a) Fteeth on bullet= 1.2×102N upward

(b) FJ=84 N downward

9-37 §9.6 source ↗

(a) What force should the woman in Figure 9.43 exert on the floor with each hand to do a push-up? Assume that she moves up at a constant speed. (b) The triceps muscle at the back of her upper arm has an effective lever arm of 1.75 cm, and she exerts force on the floor at a horizontal distance of 20.0 cm from the elbow joint. Calculate the magnitude of the force in each triceps muscle, and compare it to her weight. (c) How much work does she do if her center of mass rises 0.240 m? (d) What is her useful power output if she does 25 pushups in one minute?
Figure 9.43 in the book ↗
A woman doing pushups.

Answer

(a) 147 N downward

(b) 1680 N, 3.4 times her weight

(c) 118 J

(d) 49.0 W

9-39 §9.6 source ↗

Unreasonable Results

Suppose two children are using a uniform seesaw that is 3.00 m long and has its center of mass over the pivot. The first child has a mass of 30.0 kg and sits 1.40 m from the pivot. (a) Calculate where the second 18.0 kg child must sit to balance the seesaw. (b) What is unreasonable about the result? (c) Which premise is unreasonable, or which premises are inconsistent?

Answer

a) x-2=2.33 m

b) The seesaw is 3.0 m long, and hence, there is only 1.50 m of board on the other side of the pivot. The second child is off the board.

c) The position of the first child must be shortened, i.e. brought closer to the pivot.

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Problems and answers are adapted from College Physics 2e by Paul Peter Urone, Roger Hinrichs, Kim Dirks and Manjula Sharma, OpenStax, and are used under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 licence. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/1-introduction-to-science-and-the-realm-of-physics-physical-quantities-and-units. Illustrations: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. This adaptation is released under the same licence, is non-commercial, and is neither affiliated with nor endorsed by OpenStax or Rice University.