Chapter 3: Two-Dimensional KinematicsContent check — College Physics (AP), Chapter 3: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

Use graphical methods to solve these problems. You may assume data taken from graphs is accurate to three digits.

Find the following for path A in Figure 3.49: (a) the total distance traveled, and (b) the magnitude and direction of the displacement from start to finish.

Use graphical methods to solve these problems. You may assume data taken from graphs is accurate to three digits.

Find the north and east components of the displacement for the hikers shown in Figure 3.47.

Use graphical methods to solve these problems. You may assume data taken from graphs is accurate to three digits.

Suppose you first walk 12.0 m in a direction $\text{20º}$ west of north and then 20.0 m in a direction $\text{40.0º}$ south of west. How far are you from your starting point, and what is the compass direction of a line connecting your starting point to your final position? (If you represent the two legs of the walk as vector displacements $A$ and $B$, as in Figure 3.51, then this problem finds their sum $\text{R = A + B}$.)

Use graphical methods to solve these problems. You may assume data taken from graphs is accurate to three digits.

(a) Repeat the problem two problems prior, but for the second leg you walk 20.0 m in a direction $\text{40.0º}$ north of east, (which is equivalent to subtracting $B$ from $A$ —that is, finding $R\prime =A–B$). (b) Repeat the problem two problems prior, but now you first walk 20.0 m in a direction $\text{40.0º}$ east of south (which is equivalent to subtracting $\text{A}$ from $\text{B}$ —that is, to finding $\text{R}\prime \prime =\text{B}-\text{A}=-\text{R}\prime$). Show that this is the case.

Use graphical methods to solve these problems. You may assume data taken from graphs is accurate to three digits.

Show that the sum of the vectors discussed in Example 3.2 gives the result shown in Figure 3.23.

Use graphical methods to solve these problems. You may assume data taken from graphs is accurate to three digits.

Find the components of $v_{\text{tot}}$ along the x- and y-axes in Figure 3.52.

Find the following for path C in Figure 3.53: (a) the total distance traveled and (b) the magnitude and direction of the displacement from start to finish. In this part of the problem, explicitly show how you follow the steps of the analytical method of vector addition.

Find the north and east components of the displacement from San Francisco to Sacramento shown in Figure 3.54.

Repeat Exercise 3.16 using analytical techniques, but reverse the order of the two legs of the walk and show that you get the same final result. (This problem shows that adding them in reverse order gives the same result—that is, $\text{B + A = A + B}$.) Discuss how taking another path to reach the same point might help to overcome an obstacle blocking your other path.

Do Exercise 3.16 again using analytical techniques and change the second leg of the walk to $\text{25.0 m}$ straight south. (This is equivalent to subtracting $B$ from $A$ —that is, finding $\text{R}\prime =\text{A – B}$) (b) Repeat again, but now you first walk $\text{25}\text{.}\text{0 m}$ north and then $\text{18}\text{.}\text{0 m}$ east. (This is equivalent to subtract $A$ from $B$ —that is, to find $A=B+C$. Is that consistent with your result?)

You fly $\text{32}\text{.}\text{0 km}$ in a straight line in still air in the direction $\mathrm{35.0º}$ south of west. (a) Find the distances you would have to fly straight south and then straight west to arrive at the same point. (This determination is equivalent to finding the components of the displacement along the south and west directions.) (b) Find the distances you would have to fly first in a direction $\mathrm{45.0º}$ south of west and then in a direction $\mathrm{45.0º}$ west of north. These are the components of the displacement along a different set of axes—one rotated $\mathrm{45º}$.

In an attempt to escape his island, Gilligan builds a raft and sets to sea. The wind shifts a great deal during the day, and he is blown along the following straight lines: $2\text{.}\text{50 km}$ $\mathrm{45.0º}$ north of west; then $4\text{.}\text{70 km}$ $\mathrm{60.0º}$ south of east; then $1.30\text{km}$ $\mathrm{25.0º}$ south of west; then $5\text{.}\text{10 km}$ straight east; then $1.70\text{km}$ $\mathrm{5.00º}$ east of north; then $7\text{.}\text{20 km}$ $\mathrm{55.0º}$ south of west; and finally $2\text{.}\text{80 km}$ $\mathrm{10.0º}$ north of east. What is his final position relative to the island?

A projectile is launched at ground level with an initial speed of 50.0 m/s at an angle of $\mathrm{30.0º}$ above the horizontal. It strikes a target above the ground 3.00 seconds later. What are the $x$ and $y$ distances from where the projectile was launched to where it lands?

A ball is thrown horizontally from the top of a 60.0-m building and lands 100.0 m from the base of the building. Ignore air resistance. (a) How long is the ball in the air? (b) What must have been the initial horizontal component of the velocity? (c) What is the vertical component of the velocity just before the ball hits the ground? (d) What is the velocity (including both the horizontal and vertical components) of the ball just before it hits the ground?

An archer shoots an arrow at a 75.0 m distant target; the bull’s-eye of the target is at same height as the release height of the arrow. (a) At what angle must the arrow be released to hit the bull’s-eye if its initial speed is 35.0 m/s? In this part of the problem, explicitly show how you follow the steps involved in solving projectile motion problems. (b) There is a large tree halfway between the archer and the target with an overhanging horizontal branch 3.50 m above the release height of the arrow. Will the arrow go over or under the branch?

Verify the ranges for the projectiles in Figure 3.38(a) for $\theta =\text{45º}$ and the given initial velocities.

The cannon on a battleship can fire a shell a maximum distance of 32.0 km. (a) Calculate the initial velocity of the shell. (b) What maximum height does it reach? (At its highest, the shell is above 60% of the atmosphere—but air resistance is not really negligible as assumed to make this problem easier.) (c) The ocean is not flat, because the Earth is curved. Assume that the radius of the Earth is $6\text{.}\text{37}\times {\text{10}}^3\text{km}$. How many meters lower will its surface be 32.0 km from the ship along a horizontal line parallel to the surface at the ship? Does your answer imply that error introduced by the assumption of a flat Earth in projectile motion is significant here?

In the standing broad jump, one squats and then pushes off with the legs to see how far one can jump. Suppose the extension of the legs from the crouch position is 0.600 m and the acceleration achieved from this position is 1.25 times the acceleration due to gravity, $g$. How far can they jump? State your assumptions. (Increased range can be achieved by swinging the arms in the direction of the jump.)

Serving at a speed of 170 km/h, a tennis player hits the ball at a height of 2.5 m and an angle $\theta$ below the horizontal. The base line is 11.9 m from the net, which is 0.91 m high. What is the angle $\theta$ such that the ball just crosses the net? Will the ball land in the service box, whose service line is 6.40 m from the net?

Gun sights are adjusted to aim high to compensate for the effect of gravity, effectively making the gun accurate only for a specific range. (a) If a gun is sighted to hit targets that are at the same height as the gun and 100.0 m away, how low will the bullet hit if aimed directly at a target 150.0 m away? The muzzle velocity of the bullet is 275 m/s. (b) Discuss qualitatively how a larger muzzle velocity would affect this problem and what would be the effect of air resistance.

An owl is carrying a mouse to the chicks in its nest. Its position at that time is 4.00 m west and 12.0 m above the center of the 30.0 cm diameter nest. The owl is flying east at 3.50 m/s at an angle 30.0º below the horizontal when it accidentally drops the mouse. Is the owl lucky enough to have the mouse hit the nest? To answer this question, calculate the horizontal position of the mouse when it has fallen 12.0 m.

Can a goalkeeper at her/ his goal kick a soccer ball into the opponent’s goal without the ball touching the ground? The distance will be about 95 m. A goalkeeper can give the ball a speed of 30 m/s.

In 2007, Michael Carter (U.S.) set a world record in the shot put with a throw of 24.77 m. What was the initial speed of the shot if he released it at a height of 2.10 m and threw it at an angle of $\mathrm{38.0º}$ above the horizontal? (Although the maximum distance for a projectile on level ground is achieved at $\text{45º}$ when air resistance is neglected, the actual angle to achieve maximum range is smaller; thus, $\text{38º}$ will give a longer range than $\text{45º}$ in the shot put.)

A football player punts the ball at a $\mathrm{45.0º}$ angle. Without an effect from the wind, the ball would travel 60.0 m horizontally. (a) What is the initial speed of the ball? (b) When the ball is near its maximum height it experiences a brief gust of wind that reduces its horizontal velocity by 1.50 m/s. What distance does the ball travel horizontally?

Derive $R=$ $\frac{v_0^2\text{sin}{\mathrm{2\theta }}_0}{g}$ for the range of a projectile on level ground by finding the time $t$ at which $y$ becomes zero and substituting this value of $t$ into the expression for $x-x_0$, noting that $R=x-x_0$

Bryan Allen pedaled a human-powered aircraft across the English Channel from the cliffs of Dover to Cap Gris-Nez on June 12, 1979. (a) He flew for 169 min at an average velocity of 3.53 m/s in a direction $\text{45º}$ south of east. What was his total displacement? (b) Allen encountered a headwind averaging 2.00 m/s almost precisely in the opposite direction of his motion relative to the Earth. What was his average velocity relative to the air? (c) What was his total displacement relative to the air mass?

Near the end of a marathon race, the first two runners are separated by a distance of 45.0 m. The front runner has a velocity of 3.50 m/s, and the second a velocity of 4.20 m/s. (a) What is the velocity of the second runner relative to the first? (b) If the front runner is 250 m from the finish line, who will win the race, assuming they run at constant velocity? (c) What distance ahead will the winner be when she crosses the finish line?

A football quarterback is moving straight backward at a speed of 2.00 m/s when he throws a pass to a player 18.0 m straight downfield. The ball is thrown at an angle of $\mathrm{25.0º}$ relative to the ground and is caught at the same height as it is released. What is the initial velocity of the ball relative to the quarterback ?

(a) A jet airplane flying from Darwin, Australia, has an air speed of 260 m/s in a direction $\mathrm{5.0º}$ south of west. It is in the jet stream, which is blowing at 35.0 m/s in a direction $\mathrm{15º}$ south of east. What is the velocity of the airplane relative to the Earth? (b) Discuss whether your answers are consistent with your expectations for the effect of the wind on the plane’s path.

(a) Another airplane is flying in a jet stream that is blowing at 45.0 m/s in a direction $\text{20º}$ south of east (as in Exercise 3.58). Its direction of motion relative to the Earth is $\mathrm{45.0º}$ south of west, while its direction of travel relative to the air is $\mathrm{5.00º}$ south of west. What is the airplane’s speed relative to the air mass? (b) What is the airplane’s speed relative to the Earth?

The velocity of the wind relative to the water is crucial to sailboats. Suppose a sailboat is in an ocean current that has a velocity of 2.20 m/s in a direction $\mathrm{30.0º}$ east of north relative to the Earth. It encounters a wind that has a velocity of 4.50 m/s in a direction of $\mathrm{50.0º}$ south of west relative to the Earth. What is the velocity of the wind relative to the water?

(a) Use the distance and velocity data in Figure 3.59 to find the rate of expansion as a function of distance.

(b) If you extrapolate back in time, how long ago would all of the galaxies have been at approximately the same position? The two parts of this problem give you some idea of how the Hubble constant for universal expansion and the time back to the Big Bang are determined, respectively.

A ship sailing in the Gulf Stream is heading $\mathrm{25.0º}$ west of north at a speed of 4.00 m/s relative to the water. Its velocity relative to the Earth is $\mathrm{4.80\; m/s}$ $\mathrm{5.00º}$ west of north. What is the velocity of the Gulf Stream? (The velocity obtained is typical for the Gulf Stream a few hundred kilometers off the east coast of the United States.)

Critical Thinking Two identical spring-loaded launchers are fixed to the end of a table. Launcher A is inclined $\mathrm{40º}$ above the horizontal and launcher B is inclined $\mathrm{50º}$ above the horizontal. (a) Which of these launchers will fire the ball the greatest vertical height above the launcher before it crashes into the ground? (b) Based on experimental data, an equation that fits the data is suggested for the vertical height above the launcher, y, which may not be correct: $y=K{V}_0{}^2\sin \theta$, where K is a constant with appropriate units, $V_0$ is the initial velocity of the launcher, and $\theta$ is the angle relative to the x-axis of the launcher. Is this equation consistent with your answer from part a? Explain why or why not. Does this equation make sense? Explain why or why not. (c) Graph the magnitude of the velocity vs. vertical height for both launcher A and B.

A ball is thrown at an angle of 45 degrees above the horizontal. Which of the following best describes the acceleration of the ball from the instant after it leaves the thrower's hand until the time it hits the ground?

A student wishes to design an experiment to show that the acceleration of an object is independent of the object's velocity. To do this, ball A is launched horizontally with some initial speed at an elevation 1.5 meters above the ground, ball B is dropped from rest 1.5 meters above the ground, and ball C is launched vertically with some initial speed at an elevation 1.5 meters above the ground. What information would the student need to collect about each ball in order to test the hypothesis?

A ball is launched at an angle of 60 degrees above the horizontal, and the vertical position of the ball is recorded at various points in time in the table shown, assuming the ball was at a height of 0 at time t = 0.

a. Draw a graph of the ball's vertical velocity versus time.

b. Describe the graph of the ball's horizontal velocity.

c. Draw a graph of the ball's vertical acceleration versus time.