Content check — Microbiology, Chapter 17: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses

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Chapter 17: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses

34 problems · 0 figures

17-1 §17.MC source ↗

Which of the following best describes the innate nonspecific immune system?

a.
a targeted and highly specific response to a single pathogen or molecule
b.
a generalized and nonspecific set of defenses against a class or group of pathogens
c.
a set of barrier mechanisms that adapts to specific pathogens after repeated exposure
d.
the production of antibody molecules against pathogens

Answer

B. a generalized and nonspecific set of defenses against a class or group of pathogens

17-2 §17.MC source ↗

Which of the following constantly sheds dead cells along with any microbes that may be attached to those cells?

a.
epidermis
b.
dermis
c.
hypodermis
d.
mucous membrane

Answer

A. epidermis

17-3 §17.MC source ↗

Which of the following uses a particularly dense suite of tight junctions to prevent microbes from entering the underlying tissue?

a.
the mucociliary escalator
b.
the epidermis
c.
the blood-brain barrier
d.
the urethra

Answer

C. the blood-brain barrier

17-4 §17.MC source ↗

Which of the following serve as chemical signals between cells and stimulate a wide range of nonspecific defenses?

a.
cytokines
b.
antimicrobial peptides
c.
complement proteins
d.
antibodies

Answer

A. cytokines

17-5 §17.MC source ↗

Bacteriocins and defensins are types of which of the following?

a.
leukotrienes
b.
cytokines
c.
inflammation-eliciting mediators
d.
antimicrobial peptides

Answer

D. antimicrobial peptides

17-6 §17.MC source ↗

Which of the following chemical mediators is secreted onto the surface of the skin?

a.
cerumen
b.
sebum
c.
gastric acid
d.
prostaglandin

Answer

B. sebum

17-7 §17.MC source ↗

Identify the complement activation pathway that is triggered by the binding of an acute-phase protein to a pathogen.

a.
classical
b.
alternate
c.
lectin
d.
cathelicidin

Answer

C. lectin

17-8 §17.MC source ↗

Histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and bradykinin are examples of which of the following?

a.
chemical mediators primarily found in the digestive system
b.
chemical mediators that promote inflammation
c.
antimicrobial peptides found on the skin
d.
complement proteins that form MACs

Answer

B. chemical mediators that promote inflammation

17-9 §17.MC source ↗

White blood cells are also referred to as which of the following?

a.
platelets
b.
erythrocytes
c.
leukocytes
d.
megakaryocytes

Answer

C. leukocytes

17-10 §17.MC source ↗

Hematopoiesis occurs in which of the following?

a.
liver
b.
bone marrow
c.
kidneys
d.
central nervous system

Answer

B. bone marrow

17-11 §17.MC source ↗

Granulocytes are which type of cell?

a.
lymphocyte
b.
erythrocyte
c.
megakaryocyte
d.
leukocyte

Answer

D. leukocyte

17-12 §17.MC source ↗

PAMPs would be found on the surface of which of the following?

a.
pathogen
b.
phagocyte
c.
skin cell
d.
blood vessel wall

Answer

A. pathogen

17-13 §17.MC source ↗

________ on phagocytes bind to PAMPs on bacteria, which triggers the uptake and destruction of the bacterial pathogens?

a.
PRRs
b.
AMPs
c.
PAMPs
d.
PMNs

Answer

A. PRRs

17-14 §17.MC source ↗

Which of the following best characterizes the mode of pathogen recognition for opsonin-dependent phagocytosis?

a.
Opsonins produced by a pathogen attract phagocytes through chemotaxis.
b.
A PAMP on the pathogen’s surface is recognized by a phagocyte’s toll-like receptors.
c.
A pathogen is first coated with a molecule such as a complement protein, which allows it to be recognized by phagocytes.
d.
A pathogen is coated with a molecule such as a complement protein that immediately lyses the cell.

Answer

C. A pathogen is first coated with a molecule such as a complement protein, which allows it to be recognized by phagocytes.

17-15 §17.MC source ↗

Which refers to swelling as a result of inflammation?

a.
erythema
b.
edema
c.
granuloma
d.
vasodilation

Answer

B. edema

17-16 §17.MC source ↗

Which type of inflammation occurs at the site of an injury or infection?

a.
acute
b.
chronic
c.
endogenous
d.
exogenous

Answer

A. acute

17-19 §17.FITB source ↗

The muscular contraction of the intestines that results in movement of material through the digestive tract is called ________.

Answer

peristalsis

17-20 §17.FITB source ↗

______ are the hair-like appendages of cells lining parts of the respiratory tract that sweep debris away from the lungs.

Answer

cilia

17-21 §17.FITB source ↗

Secretions that bathe and moisten the interior of the intestines are produced by _______ cells.

Answer

goblet

17-22 §17.FITB source ↗

________ are antimicrobial peptides produced by members of the normal microbiota.

Answer

bacteriocins

17-23 §17.FITB source ↗

________ is the fluid portion of a blood sample that has been drawn in the presence of an anticoagulant compound.

Answer

plasma

17-24 §17.FITB source ↗

The process by which cells are drawn or attracted to an area by a microbe invader is known as ________.

Answer

chemotaxis

17-25 §17.FITB source ↗

Platelets are also called ________.

Answer

thrombocytes

17-26 §17.FITB source ↗

The cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all other blood cell types is the ________.

Answer

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

17-27 §17.FITB source ↗

PMNs are another name for ________.

Answer

neutrophils

17-28 §17.FITB source ↗

Kupffer cells residing in the liver are a type of ________.

Answer

macrophage

17-29 §17.FITB source ↗

_____________ are similar to basophils, but reside in tissues rather than circulating in the blood.

Answer

mast cells

17-30 §17.FITB source ↗

________, also known as diapedesis, refers to the exit from the bloodstream of neutrophils and other circulating leukocytes.

Answer

extravasation

17-31 §17.FITB source ↗

Toll-like receptors are examples of ________.

Answer

pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs)

17-32 §17.FITB source ↗

A(n) ________ is a walled-off area of infected tissue that exhibits chronic inflammation.

Answer

granuloma

17-33 §17.FITB source ↗

The ________ is the part of the body responsible for regulating body temperature.

Answer

hypothalamus

17-34 §17.FITB source ↗

Heat and redness, or ________, occur when the small blood vessels in an inflamed area dilate (open up), bringing more blood much closer to the surface of the skin.

Answer

erythema

17-17 §17.M source ↗

Match each cell type with its description.

___natural killer cell	A. stains with basic dye methylene blue, has large amounts of histamine in granules, and facilitates allergic responses and inflammation
___basophil	B. stains with acidic dye eosin, has histamine and major basic protein in granules, and facilitates responses to protozoa and helminths
___macrophage	C. recognizes abnormal cells, binds to them, and releases perforin and granzyme molecules, which induce apoptosis
___eosinophil	D. large agranular phagocyte that resides in tissues such as the brain and lungs

Answer

C, A, D, B

17-18 §17.M source ↗

Match each cellular defense with the infection it would most likely target.

___natural killer cell	A. virus-infected cell
___neutrophil	B. tapeworm in the intestines
___eosinophil	C. bacteria in a skin lesion

Answer

A, C, B

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Problems and answers are adapted from Microbiology by Nina Parker, Mark Schneegurt, Anh-Hue Thi Tu, Philip Lister and Brian M. Forster, OpenStax, and are used under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 licence. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/1-introduction. Illustrations: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. This adaptation is released under the same licence, is non-commercial, and is neither affiliated with nor endorsed by OpenStax or Rice University.