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Chapter 18: Adaptive Specific Host Defenses

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Chapter 18: Adaptive Specific Host Defenses

36 problems · 0 figures

18-1 §18.MC source ↗

Antibodies are produced by ________.
  1. a.
    plasma cells
  2. b.
    T cells
  3. c.
    bone marrow
  4. d.
    Macrophages

Answer

A. plasma cells

18-2 §18.MC source ↗

Cellular adaptive immunity is carried out by ________.
  1. a.
    B cells
  2. b.
    T cells
  3. c.
    bone marrow
  4. d.
    neutrophils

Answer

B. T cells

18-3 §18.MC source ↗

A single antigen molecule may be composed of many individual ________.
  1. a.
    T-cell receptors
  2. b.
    B-cell receptors
  3. c.
    MHC II
  4. d.
    epitopes

Answer

D. epitopes

18-4 §18.MC source ↗

Which class of molecules is the most antigenic?
  1. a.
    polysaccharides
  2. b.
    lipids
  3. c.
    proteins
  4. d.
    carbohydrates

Answer

C. proteins

18-5 §18.MC source ↗

MHC I molecules present
  1. a.
    processed self-antigens from proteasomes.
  2. b.
    processed foreign antigens from phagolysosome.
  3. c.
    antibodies.
  4. d.
    T cell antigens.

Answer

A. processed self-antigens from proteasomes.

18-6 §18.MC source ↗

MHC II molecules present
  1. a.
    processed self-antigens from proteasomes.
  2. b.
    processed foreign antigens from phagolysosomes.
  3. c.
    antibodies.
  4. d.
    T cell receptors.

Answer

B. processed foreign antigens from phagolysosomes.

18-7 §18.MC source ↗

Which type of antigen-presenting molecule is found on all nucleated cells?
  1. a.
    MHC II
  2. b.
    MHC I
  3. c.
    antibodies
  4. d.
    B-cell receptors

Answer

B. MHC I

18-8 §18.MC source ↗

Which type of antigen-presenting molecule is found only on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells?
  1. a.
    MHC I
  2. b.
    MHC II
  3. c.
    T-cell receptors
  4. d.
    B-cell receptors

Answer

B. MHC II

18-9 §18.MC source ↗

What is a superantigen?
  1. a.
    a protein that is highly efficient at stimulating a single type of productive and specific T cell response
  2. b.
    a protein produced by antigen-presenting cells to enhance their presentation capabilities
  3. c.
    a protein produced by T cells as a way of increasing the antigen activation they receive from antigen-presenting cells
  4. d.
    a protein that activates T cells in a nonspecific and uncontrolled manner

Answer

D. a protein that activates T cells in a nonspecific and uncontrolled manner

18-10 §18.MC source ↗

To what does the TCR of a helper T cell bind?
  1. a.
    antigens presented with MHC I molecules
  2. b.
    antigens presented with MHC II molecules
  3. c.
    free antigen in a soluble form
  4. d.
    haptens only

Answer

B. antigens presented with MHC II molecules

18-11 §18.MC source ↗

Cytotoxic T cells will bind with their TCR to which of the following?
  1. a.
    antigens presented with MHC I molecules
  2. b.
    antigens presented with MHC II molecules
  3. c.
    free antigen in a soluble form
  4. d.
    haptens only

Answer

A. antigens presented with MHC I molecules

18-12 §18.MC source ↗

A ________ molecule is a glycoprotein used to identify and distinguish white blood cells.
  1. a.
    T-cell receptor
  2. b.
    B-cell receptor
  3. c.
    MHC I
  4. d.
    cluster of differentiation

Answer

D. cluster of differentiation

18-13 §18.MC source ↗

Name the T helper cell subset involved in antibody production.
  1. a.
    TH1
  2. b.
    TH2
  3. c.
    TH17
  4. d.
    CTL

Answer

B. TH2

18-14 §18.MC source ↗

Which of the following would be a T-dependent antigen?
  1. a.
    lipopolysaccharide
  2. b.
    glycolipid
  3. c.
    protein
  4. d.
    carbohydrate

Answer

C. protein

18-15 §18.MC source ↗

Which of the following would be a BCR?
  1. a.
    CD4
  2. b.
    MHC II
  3. c.
    MHC I
  4. d.
    IgD

Answer

D. IgD

18-16 §18.MC source ↗

Which of the following does not occur during the lag period of the primary antibody response?
  1. a.
    activation of helper T cells
  2. b.
    class switching to IgG
  3. c.
    presentation of antigen with MHC II
  4. d.
    binding of antigen to BCRs

Answer

B. class switching to IgG

18-17 §18.MC source ↗

A patient is bitten by a dog with confirmed rabies infection. After treating the bite wound, the physician injects the patient with antibodies that are specific for the rabies virus to prevent the development of an active infection. This is an example of:
  1. a.
    Natural active immunity
  2. b.
    Artificial active immunity
  3. c.
    Natural passive immunity
  4. d.
    Artificial passive immunity

Answer

D. Artificial passive immunity

18-18 §18.MC source ↗

A patient gets a cold, and recovers a few days later. The patient's classmates come down with the same cold roughly a week later, but the original patient does not get the same cold again. This is an example of:
  1. a.
    Natural active immunity
  2. b.
    Artificial active immunity
  3. c.
    Natural passive immunity
  4. d.
    Artificial passive immunity

Answer

A. Natural active immunity

18-21 §18.FITB source ↗

There are two critically important aspects of adaptive immunity. The first is specificity, while the second is ________.

Answer

memory

18-22 §18.FITB source ↗

________ immunity involves the production of antibody molecules that bind to specific antigens.

Answer

Humoral

18-23 §18.FITB source ↗

The heavy chains of an antibody molecule contain ________ region segments, which help to determine its class or isotype.

Answer

constant

18-24 §18.FITB source ↗

The variable regions of the heavy and light chains form the ________ sites of an antibody.

Answer

antigen-binding

18-25 §18.FITB source ↗

MHC molecules are used for antigen ________ to T cells.

Answer

presentation

18-26 §18.FITB source ↗

MHC II molecules are made up of two subunits (α and β) of approximately equal size, whereas MHC I molecules consist of a larger α subunit and a smaller subunit called ________.

Answer

β2 microglobulin

18-27 §18.FITB source ↗

A ________ T cell will become activated by presentation of foreign antigen associated with an MHC I molecule.

Answer

cytotoxic

18-28 §18.FITB source ↗

A ________ T cell will become activated by presentation of foreign antigen in association with an MHC II molecule.

Answer

helper

18-29 §18.FITB source ↗

A TCR is a protein dimer embedded in the plasma membrane of a T cell. The ________ region of each of the two protein chains is what gives it the capability to bind to a presented antigen.

Answer

variable

18-30 §18.FITB source ↗

Peripheral tolerance mechanisms function on T cells after they mature and exit the ________.

Answer

thymus

18-31 §18.FITB source ↗

Both ________ and effector T cells are produced during differentiation of activated T cells.

Answer

memory

18-32 §18.FITB source ↗

________ antigens can stimulate B cells to become activated but require cytokine assistance delivered by helper T cells.

Answer

T-dependent

18-33 §18.FITB source ↗

T-independent antigens can stimulate B cells to become activated and secrete antibodies without assistance from helper T cells. These antigens possess ________ antigenic epitopes that cross-link BCRs.

Answer

repetitive

18-34 §18.FITB source ↗

A(n) ________ pathogen is in a weakened state; it is still capable of stimulating an immune response but does not cause a disease.

Answer

attenuated

18-35 §18.FITB source ↗

________ immunity occurs when antibodies from one individual are harvested and given to another to protect against disease or treat active disease.

Answer

Artificial passive

18-36 §18.FITB source ↗

In the practice of ________, scabs from smallpox victims were used to immunize susceptible individuals against smallpox.

Answer

variolation

18-19 §18.M source ↗

Match the antibody class with its description.

___IgA A. This class of antibody is the only one that can cross the placenta.
___IgD B. This class of antibody is the first to appear after activation of B cells.
___IgE C. This class of antibody is involved in the defense against parasitic infections and involved in allergic responses.
___IgG D. This class of antibody is found in very large amounts in mucus secretions.
___IgM E. This class of antibody is not secreted by B cells but is expressed on the surface of naïve B cells.

Answer

d, e, c, a, b

18-20 §18.M source ↗

Match each type of vaccine with the corresponding example.

___inactivated vaccine A. Weakened influenza virions that can only replicate in the slightly lower temperatures of the nasal passages are sprayed into the nose. They do not cause serious flu symptoms, but still produce an active infection that induces a protective adaptive immune response.
___live attenuated vaccine B. Tetanus toxin molecules are harvested and chemically treated to render them harmless. They are then injected into a patient’s arm.
___toxoid vaccine C. Influenza virus particles grown in chicken eggs are harvested and chemically treated to render them noninfectious. These immunogenic particles are then purified and packaged and administered as an injection.
___subunit vaccine D. The gene for hepatitis B virus surface antigen is inserted into a yeast genome. The modified yeast is grown and the virus protein is produced, harvested, purified, and used in a vaccine.

Answer

C, A, B, D

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Problems and answers are adapted from Microbiology by Nina Parker, Mark Schneegurt, Anh-Hue Thi Tu, Philip Lister and Brian M. Forster, OpenStax, and are used under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 licence. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/1-introduction. Illustrations: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. This adaptation is released under the same licence, is non-commercial, and is neither affiliated with nor endorsed by OpenStax or Rice University.