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Chapter 3: Basic Neurochemistry

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Chapter 3: Basic Neurochemistry

15 problems · 0 figures

3-1 §3.1 source ↗

Which of the following statements is false?
  1. a.
    The synaptic communication process often fails because the vesicles are empty.
  2. b.
    Neurotransmitters become inactive in the presence of oxygen.
  3. c.
    All neurotransmitters are catabolized after being released.
  4. d.
    Neurotransmitters may be converted into inactive chemicals while being stored inside synaptic vesicles.

Answer

C. All neurotransmitters are catabolized after being released.

3-3 §3.1 source ↗

G-Protein coupled receptors are ________ that are ________.
  1. a.
    lipids / ion channels
  2. b.
    part of a large family of proteins / linked to nearby ion channels
  3. c.
    mostly limited to limbic brain regions / used to prevent the fusion of synaptic vesicles
  4. d.
    mostly postsynaptic / responsive to endocannabinoids

Answer

B. part of a large family of proteins / linked to nearby ion channels

3-5 §3.2 source ↗

The enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase requires the presence of ________ ions to function properly.
  1. a.
    calcium
  2. b.
    iron
  3. c.
    magnesium
  4. d.
    potassium

Answer

B. iron

3-7 §3.2 source ↗

Dopamine neurons ________than norepinephrine neurons.
  1. a.
    project to more brain areas
  2. b.
    are more numerous
  3. c.
    contain more copper
  4. d.
    contain more zinc

Answer

B. are more numerous

3-9 §3.2 source ↗

Dopamine-beta-Hydroxylase is found within the ________ and converts dopamine into ________.
  1. a.
    synaptic vesicle / norepinephrine
  2. b.
    cytoplasm / norepinephrine
  3. c.
    synaptic vesicle / L-DOPA
  4. d.
    synaptic vesicle / epinephrine

Answer

A. synaptic vesicle / norepinephrine

3-11 §3.2 source ↗

The function of any receptor:
  1. a.
    depends upon the region of the brain the receptor is located.
  2. b.
    is largely independent of the nature of its second messenger.
  3. c.
    is determined by the water solubility of its components.
  4. d.
    is related to the identity of its receptor, e.g., dopamine will always close sodium channels.

Answer

A. depends upon the region of the brain the receptor is located.

3-13 §3.2 source ↗

Dopamine in the substantia nigra contain a dark substance that concentrates ________ makes these neurons vulnerable to ________.
  1. a.
    copper / insecticides
  2. b.
    iron carbon dioxide
  3. c.
    iron / oxygen
  4. d.
    zinc oxidates / low pH

Answer

C. iron / oxygen

3-15 §3.2 source ↗

The neurotransmitter serotonin is built from a molecule of the amino acid tryptophan by the addition of a ________ followed by the removal of a molecule of ________.
  1. a.
    amine group / hydroxyl
  2. b.
    methyl / carbon dioxide
  3. c.
    carbon dioxide / hydroxyl
  4. d.
    hydroxyl / carbon dioxide

Answer

D. hydroxyl / carbon dioxide

3-17 §3.2 source ↗

Most of the serotonin released from the axonal terminal is:
  1. a.
    re-absorbed by the axonal terminal, repackaged into synaptic vesicles, and re-released again.
  2. b.
    catabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase.
  3. c.
    converted into 5-Hydroxyindole acetic acid.
  4. d.
    removed from the brain.

Answer

A. re-absorbed by the axonal terminal, repackaged into synaptic vesicles, and re-released again.

3-19 §3.2 source ↗

Which of the following statements is not true of endorphins?
  1. a.
    They modulate the pain signal carried from the periphery.
  2. b.
    They regulate numerous neuroendocrine or neuroimmune functions.
  3. c.
    Because they are naturally occurring humans do not become addicted to them.
  4. d.
    They are released in response to laughing, eating, and listening to music.

Answer

C. Because they are naturally occurring humans do not become addicted to them.

3-21 §3.2 source ↗

Released glutamate is:
  1. a.
    removed from the synapse by excitatory amino acid transporters.
  2. b.
    removed from the synapse by reuptake into the axonal terminal.
  3. c.
    removed from the synapse into astrocytes where it will be destroyed and excreted as a metabolite.
  4. d.
    removed from synapse by reuptake and converted into glutamine before being repackaged in vesicles.

Answer

A. removed from the synapse by excitatory amino acid transporters.

3-23 §3.3 source ↗

Acetylcholine is made by transferring a molecule of acetic acid on to a molecule of choline. The acetic group is derived from ________, the choline is derived from ________ the fatty acid lecithin. Consuming additional choline ________.
  1. a.
    glucose / lecithin / does not produce more acetylcholine
  2. b.
    vitamin C / membrane lipids / increases acetylcholine production
  3. c.
    lecithin / glucose / does not produce more acetylcholine
  4. d.
    acetyl hydroxyl / glucose / increases acetylcholine production

Answer

A. glucose / lecithin / does not produce more acetylcholine

Fill in the Blank 3.1 §3.1 source ↗

Chemicals that allow one neuron to influence the behavior of other neurons are called ________.

Answer

neurotransmitters

Fill in the Blank 3.3 §3.2 source ↗

Norepinephrine neurons originate primarily within the ________ that is found in the floor of the 4th ventricle.

Answer

locus coeruleus

Fill in the Blank 3.5 §3.2 source ↗

An increase in intracellular ________ ions activates a complex cascade of biochemical changes that ultimately involve the genes of the neuron.

Answer

calcium

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Problems and answers are adapted from Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience by Elizabeth D. Kirby, Melissa J. Glenn, Noah J. Sandstrom and Christina L. Williams, OpenStax, and are used under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 licence. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/introduction-behavioral-neuroscience/pages/1-introduction. Illustrations: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. This adaptation is released under the same licence, is non-commercial, and is neither affiliated with nor endorsed by OpenStax or Rice University.