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Chapter 5: Neurodevelopment

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Chapter 5: Neurodevelopment

16 problems · 0 figures

5-1 §5.1 source ↗

What is the primary goal of gastrulation in embryonic development?
  1. a.
    Formation of the neural tube
  2. b.
    Formation of the three germ layers
  3. c.
    Differentiation of neurons
  4. d.
    Formation of the limbs

Answer

B. Formation of the three germ layers

5-3 §5.1 source ↗

Neurulation is the process responsible for the formation of the:
  1. a.
    Brain, spinal cord, and neural tube
  2. b.
    Muscles and bones
  3. c.
    Circulatory system
  4. d.
    Respiratory system

Answer

A. Brain, spinal cord, and neural tube

5-5 §5.1 source ↗

Neural stem cells have the potential to develop into which two primary cell types in the nervous system?
  1. a.
    Neurons and blood cells
  2. b.
    Neurons and glial cells
  3. c.
    Muscle cells and neurons
  4. d.
    Skin cells and neurons

Answer

B. Neurons and glial cells

5-7 §5.1 source ↗

Which of the following is a major structural brain defect characterized by the incomplete closure of the neural tube during embryonic development?
  1. a.
    Lissencephaly
  2. b.
    Autism spectrum disorder
  3. c.
    Spina bifida
  4. d.
    Fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer

C. Spina bifida

5-9 §5.1 source ↗

During neurulation, the neural plate transforms into which structure?
  1. a.
    The spinal cord
  2. b.
    The neural crest
  3. c.
    The neural tube
  4. d.
    The cerebral cortex

Answer

C. The neural tube

5-11 §5.2 source ↗

During which process do daughter cells mature into their final functional form as neurons or glial cells?
  1. a.
    Neurogenesis
  2. b.
    Mitosis
  3. c.
    Differentiation
  4. d.
    Synaptogenesis

Answer

C. Differentiation

5-13 §5.3 source ↗

What is the growth cone primarily responsible for during neurodevelopment?
  1. a.
    Forming neural synapses
  2. b.
    Guiding the growing axon to its target
  3. c.
    Regulating neurotransmitter release
  4. d.
    Initiating apoptosis in neurons

Answer

B. Guiding the growing axon to its target

5-15 §5.3 source ↗

In the context of experience-related innervation modifications, what term describes the process by which synaptic connections are strengthened through repeated stimulation?
  1. a.
    Synaptic pruning
  2. b.
    Synaptic inhibition
  3. c.
    Synaptic plasticity
  4. d.
    Synaptic transmission

Answer

C. Synaptic plasticity

5-17 §5.3 source ↗

What is myelin?
  1. a.
    A type of neurotransmitter in the brain
  2. b.
    A fatty substance that insulates and surrounds nerve fibers
  3. c.
    A neuron
  4. d.
    A part of the brain's gray matter

Answer

B. A fatty substance that insulates and surrounds nerve fibers

5-18 §5.3 source ↗

Which of the following is not an example of sensory enrichment during early development that can promote synaptic connectivity?
  1. a.
    Exposure to a noisy environment
  2. b.
    Limited social interactions
  3. c.
    Playing video games for extended periods
  4. d.
    Regular exposure to a variety of sensory stimuli, such as different textures, sounds, and smells

Answer

D. Regular exposure to a variety of sensory stimuli, such as different textures, sounds, and smells

5-19 §5.4 source ↗

How can environmental enrichment and learning experiences positively impact neural plasticity?
  1. a.
    They reduce neural plasticity.
  2. b.
    They weaken synaptic connections.
  3. c.
    They only affect structural plasticity.
  4. d.
    They enhance neural plasticity and promote the formation of new connections.

Answer

D. They enhance neural plasticity and promote the formation of new connections.

5-21 §5.4 source ↗

Which of the following is an example of experience-dependent plasticity in the visual system?
  1. a.
    The process of working out a specific muscle
  2. b.
    The formation of the blood-brain barrier
  3. c.
    The refinement of visual acuity in response to visual experiences
  4. d.
    The regulation of basic reflexes

Answer

C. The refinement of visual acuity in response to visual experiences

5-23 §5.4 source ↗

Exposure to which environmental toxin during critical periods of brain development can lead to cognitive and behavioral deficits?
  1. a.
    Vitamin C
  2. b.
    Lead
  3. c.
    Calcium
  4. d.
    Oxygen

Answer

B. Lead

Fill in the Blank 5.1 §5.1 source ↗

Gastrulation begins after the formation of the ________, which is a long groove that forms across the developing embryo.

Answer

primitive streak

Fill in the Blank 5.3 §5.1 source ↗

Disorders that lead to structural damage or malformations which impair lifelong function are the most common forms of ________ disorders.

Answer

congenital brain

Fill in the Blank 5.5 §5.3 source ↗

Neuronal survival is mediated by a class of molecules called ________.

Answer

neurotrophins

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Problems and answers are adapted from Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience by Elizabeth D. Kirby, Melissa J. Glenn, Noah J. Sandstrom and Christina L. Williams, OpenStax, and are used under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 licence. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/introduction-behavioral-neuroscience/pages/1-introduction. Illustrations: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. This adaptation is released under the same licence, is non-commercial, and is neither affiliated with nor endorsed by OpenStax or Rice University.