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Chapter 4: Comparative Neuroscience

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Chapter 4: Comparative Neuroscience

15 problems · 0 figures

4-1 §4.1 source ↗

We do we study model organisms?
  1. a.
    Humans are not interesting to study.
  2. b.
    They are computational approximations of real neural systems.
  3. c.
    What we learn can apply across species.
  4. d.
    We can conduct work in them without any regulatory approval.

Answer

C. What we learn can apply across species.

4-3 §4.1 source ↗

To receive IACUC approval, an animal study must:
  1. a.
    benefit the animal.
  2. b.
    have potential value to society.
  3. c.
    use a large number of animals.
  4. d.
    use organoids.

Answer

B. have potential value to society.

4-5 §4.2 source ↗

Organization of distinct grey and white matter:
  1. a.
    is the same in bird and mammal telencephalon.
  2. b.
    is found in bird but not in mammal telencephalon.
  3. c.
    is found in mammal but not in bird telencephalon.
  4. d.
    is not found in bird or mammal telencephalon.

Answer

C. is found in mammal but not in bird telencephalon.

4-7 §4.2 source ↗

In the isocortex-DVR hypothesis, what consideration drives how homologous regions of mammalian and avian brain are defined?
  1. a.
    Field homology of the cells that populate brain regions
  2. b.
    What cellular population from development eventually populates the area
  3. c.
    How the areas connect to other brain regions
  4. d.
    The physical shape of the brain regions

Answer

C. How the areas connect to other brain regions

4-9 §4.3 source ↗

Human brains have the most proportional brain volume dedicated to cortex among primates.
  1. a.
    True
  2. b.
    False

Answer

A. True

4-11 §4.3 source ↗

Imagine a species with a brain five times larger than a human’s brain. Based on the allometry of the cortex, how large would you expect the cortex to be, relative to that of a human?
  1. a.
    Also five times bigger
  2. b.
    More than five times bigger
  3. c.
    Less than five times bigger
  4. d.
    None of the above

Answer

B. More than five times bigger

4-13 §4.4 source ↗

If you wanted to trace a neural pathway in mice, which technique would be best?
  1. a.
    Inorganic dyes used on postmortem tissue
  2. b.
    Tract-tracers injected in the brain region of interest
  3. c.
    Structural MR imaging
  4. d.
    Diffusion tensor imaging

Answer

B. Tract-tracers injected in the brain region of interest

4-15 §4.4 source ↗

Which imaging technique is used to measure spontaneous brain activity in humans?
  1. a.
    Resting-state fMRI
  2. b.
    Task-based fMRI
  3. c.
    Structural MRI
  4. d.
    Diffusion MRI

Answer

A. Resting-state fMRI

4-17 §4.4 source ↗

What is a limit to using tract-tracers to define neural circuits?
  1. a.
    They cannot be ethically used in humans.
  2. b.
    They are labor intensive and therefore studies using them take a long time to do.
  3. c.
    They can only be used in live animals.
  4. d.
    All of these are limits to tract-tracers.

Answer

D. All of these are limits to tract-tracers.

4-19 §4.4 source ↗

Connectivity in human brains is inferred from:
  1. a.
    Resting-state fMRI.
  2. b.
    Diffusion MRI.
  3. c.
    Information from model systems.
  4. d.
    All of these combined.

Answer

D. All of these combined.

4-21 §4.5 source ↗

Monogamous and polygamous voles are useful for studying pair-bonding because:
  1. a.
    their brains are very similar, yet they show very different behaviors.
  2. b.
    their brains are very different, yet they show very similar behaviors.
  3. c.
    they are more closely related to humans than other primates.
  4. d.
    they are the only species known to show monogamous pair bonding.

Answer

A. their brains are very similar, yet they show very different behaviors.

4-23 §4.6 source ↗

Brain organoids mimic many steps of neural development in real brains. If you gave a birth-date marker very early in organoid development then looked for that marker much later, where would you find it?
  1. a.
    In the inner layers of the organoid
  2. b.
    In the outer layers of the organoid
  3. c.
    Spread throughout the organoid

Answer

A. In the inner layers of the organoid

Fill in the Blank 4.1 §4.1 source ↗

A ________ is an animal species that is studied to gain understanding about biological phenomena, with the expectation that what is learned will apply broadly across other species.

Answer

model organism or model system

Fill in the Blank 4.3 §4.3 source ↗

The change in proportional contribution of different brain regions to total brain volume as total brain volume changes is called ________.

Answer

allometry

Fill in the Blank 4.5 §4.5 source ↗

Synapses are best visualized using ________.

Answer

electron microscopy

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Problems and answers are adapted from Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience by Elizabeth D. Kirby, Melissa J. Glenn, Noah J. Sandstrom and Christina L. Williams, OpenStax, and are used under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 licence. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/introduction-behavioral-neuroscience/pages/1-introduction. Illustrations: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. This adaptation is released under the same licence, is non-commercial, and is neither affiliated with nor endorsed by OpenStax or Rice University.